In this article, Adele Gatt Livori examines whether periods spent on-call constitute ‘working time’ or ‘rest periods’ under Directive 2003/88/EC. Through an analysis of key judgments such as SIMAP, Jaeger, Matzak, Radiotelevizija Slovenija, and Stadt Offenbach, it argues that the Court of Justice of the European Union has adopted a structured, constraint-based approach centred on […]